Comparative Legilinguistics
type: channel
description: Comparative Legilinguistics (International Journal for Legal Communication) is published four times a year by the Faculty of Modern Languages and Literatures, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland. We are pathfinders in mapping the contours of legal linguistics and legal translation especially in its comparative aspects. Comparative Legilinguistics is equally devoted to forensic linguistics, theory of the law and the intersection of legal language and legal translation. In addition, the journal welcomes submissions on political discourse, with a focus on persuasive strategies, linguistic markers of deception and truth-telling, the legal and political aspects of policy-making, and the intersections of political rhetoric with legal frameworks. We encourage submissions in English, French and German. Guest edited volumes at the request of the guest editor may be published in Italian, Polish, Russian and Chinese. The reviews are stored in the journal’s editorial office. The articles are peer-reviewed by two reviewers (double-blind review) via our online submission platform www.pressto.amu.edu.pl with well-established expert reviewers from all over the world. The editors reserve the right to appoint a third reviewer in case of doubts. The editorial board reserves the right to publish selected articles without two reviews. We reserve a right to have one review in cases where the topic of the paper is very niche and it is not possible to find two competent reviewers. ABOUT THE JOURNAL CURRENT ISSUE ARCHIVE INDEXED IN: Scopus, ERIH Plus, DOAJ, CEJSH, WorldCat; Google Scholar; Primo Central Index, ICI Journals Master List (Index Copernicus Value 2020 = 100.00 pkt; ICV 2021 = 100.00 pkt), CROSSREF, EZB, OPENALEX, SUDOC, WIKIDATA, ZDB, FATCAT, THE KEEPERS, ROAD, EBSCO Legal Source JOURNAL METRICS: Ministry of Education and Science (2023): 70 DOI: 10.14746/cl ISSN: 2080-5926 – valid through issue 60 (2024) ISSN (online): 2391-4491 – starting from issue 61 (2025) the journal…
publisher: Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan
language: en-US
publication name: Comparative Legilinguistics
issn: 2080-5926
copyright: When submitting a paper the author agrees to the following publishing agreement and processing personal data. PUBLICATION AGREEMENT, COPYRIGHT LICENSE, PERSONAL DATA PROCESSING CONSENT This is a publication agreement and copyright license (“Agreement”) regarding a written manuscript currently submitted via Pressto platform (“Article”) to be published in Comparative Legilinguistics International Journal for Legal Communication (“Journal”). The parties to this Agreement are: the Author or Authors of the submitted article (individually, or if more than one author, collectively, “Author”) and Comparative Legilinguistics International Journal for Legal Communication (“Publisher”), address al. Niepodległości 4, 61-874 Poznań, represented by its editor in chief Aleksandra Matulewska. §1. LICENSE OF COPYRIGHT a) The Author and the Publisher agree that the Author grants a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which is incorporated herein by reference and is further specified at Creative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0 copyright license in the Article to the general public. b) The Author grants to the Publisher a royalty-free, worldwide nonexclusive license to publish, reproduce, display, distribute, translate and use the Article in any form, either separately or as part of a collective work, including but not limited to a nonexclusive license to publish the Article in an issue of the Journal, copy and distribute individual reprints of the Article, authorize reproduction of the entire Article in another publication, and authorize reproduction and distribution of the Article or an abstract thereof by means of computerized retrieval systems (such as Westlaw, Lexis and SSRN). The Author retains ownership of all rights under copyright in the Article, and all rights not expressly granted in this Agreement. c) The Author grants to the Publisher the power to assign, sublicense or otherwise transfer any and all licenses expressly granted to the P…
items: The future of the profession of a sworn translator – panel discussion
items: Introduction
items: The evolution of the state examination for sworn translators from an examiner’s perspective
items: Translators’ tools offered by digital humanities: genre-related and sociolinguistic aspects
items: Modality in interpreting: Errors and their consequences from a legilinguistic perspective
items: Comments on the functioning of the model of professional liability of sworn translators and interpreters in Poland
items: Preparation for the German sworn translator examination in Poland over the past 20 years: a survey study
items: Artificial Intelligence versus candidates: Could AI pass the examination for sworn translators?

The future of the profession of a sworn translator – panel discussion
type: item
creator: Artur Dariusz Kubacki
creator: Magdalena Łomzik
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Magdalena Łomzik http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
volume: 66
starting page: 130
ending page: 148
doi: 10.14746/cl.2024.66.7

Introduction
type: item
creator: Artur Dariusz Kubacki
creator: Magdalena Łomzik
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Artur Dariusz Kubacki, Magdalena Łomzik http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
volume: 66
starting page: i
ending page: iii
doi: 10.14746/cl.2024.66.0

The evolution of the state examination for sworn translators from an examiner’s perspective
type: item
description: The article discusses the evolution of the state examination for sworn translators in Poland from an examiner’s perspective. It outlines the key stages in the development of the exam over the 20 years of operation of the Polish Act on the Profession of Sworn Translator of 25 November 2004. The opening section sketches the legal status of sworn translators before the entry into force of the above-mentioned Act and in line with its current requirements (in particular with regard to the educational requirement). The core of the article discusses the examination procedure, assessment criteria, and the reasons for the low pass rate in Poland, compared with the certification system in Austria, where the profession of sworn translator—similarly to Poland—covers both written and oral translation. The article also presents the recommendations of the ministerial expert team from 2015–2017 concerning modifications of the exam, followed by an outline of future directions proposed by the State Examination Board and aimed at adapting the certification process more effectively to the real needs of the market and to the ethical and legal requirements of the profession in light of the dynamic development of machine translation and artificial intelligence.
creator: Artur Dariusz Kubacki
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Artur Dariusz Kubacki http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
volume: 66
starting page: 1
ending page: 27
doi: 10.14746/cl.2024.66.1

Translators’ tools offered by digital humanities: genre-related and sociolinguistic aspects
type: item
description: This paper focuses on significant role of digital tools in translators’ training. It is claimed that digital competences may be successfully developed, for example by working with language corpora that introduce us to markedly wider range of linguistic and extralinguistic information (context, generic profile). Presentation of specific cases is preceded by a short discussion on legal factors concerning translators’ competence requirements. It has been noted that the translation competence models has been evolving over years, which is due to changing market-related conditions and extending educational possibilities. It is also emphasised that developing digital competences in the population of translators and translation trainees constitutes a stable element of the translation competence requirement and it is stipulated by relevant legal regulations in many countries, whether explicitly or implicitly.
creator: Edyta Więcławska
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Edyta Więcławska http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
volume: 66
starting page: 28
ending page: 45
doi: 10.14746/cl.2024.66.2

Modality in interpreting: Errors and their consequences from a legilinguistic perspective
type: item
description: The article addresses the issue of modality in interpreting in the legal context, focusing on its pragmatic function and impact on the accuracy and precision of this type of interpretation. Based on examination and teaching materials regarding state examinations for the profession of sworn translator and interpreter in Poland, an analysis of modal errors has been carried out, taking into account their gravity – from minor through medium to critical errors. Particular attention was given to the latter, i.e. errors leading to a distortion of the normative meaning of the statement, which may have procedural consequences. The analysis was based on existing classification models (e.g., Dzierżanowska, 1990; Hejwowski, 2004, 2009; Kubacki, 2018; Matulewska, 2018), and on selected categories of the MQM (Multidimensional Quality Metrics) framework. The results indicate that modal errors are often the result of misinterpretation of the function of the statement and the attitude of the issuer. In conclusion, the authors make educational proposals, emphasizing the importance of developing pragmatic competence as a key element of the professional preparation of sworn translators and interpreters.
creator: Marek Kuźniak
creator: Bolesław Cieślik
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Marek Kuźniak, Bolesław Cieślik http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
volume: 66
starting page: 46
ending page: 72
doi: 10.14746/cl.2024.66.3

Comments on the functioning of the model of professional liability of sworn translators and interpreters in Poland
type: item
description: Although a law governing the profession of sworn translator and interpreter has been in force in Poland for over twenty years, the system of professional liability of sworn translators and interpreters requires urgent structural reforms. This article presents the dysfunctions of the current model that negatively affect the reliability, predictability, and impartiality of disciplinary proceedings, resulting from the author’s experience as an advocate before the Professional Liability Committee and as a sworn translator and interpreter. In addition, proposals for amendments concerning the functioning of the Professional Liability Committee have been made, with the aim of strengthening the prestige of the profession of sworn translator and interpreter, and ensuring more effective legal protection for those pursuing this profession.
creator: Paweł Gugała
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paweł Gugała http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
volume: 66
starting page: 73
ending page: 83
doi: 10.14746/cl.2024.66.4

Preparation for the German sworn translator examination in Poland over the past 20 years: a survey study
type: item
description: The aim of this article is to analyse methods of preparation for the sworn translator and interpreter examination in German in Poland between 2005 and 2025, as well as to assess the availability and forms of educational support for candidates, with particular emphasis on the development of training for prospective entrants to the profession. The study was conducted in the form of a survey among 35 sworn translators and candidates, collecting data on applied learning strategies, learning materials used, and professional experience. The results indicate that the predominant methods of preparation were self-study and professional practice, while the period 2016–2025 saws an increase in participation in online courses and webinars, as well as preparation under the supervision of experienced translators and interpreters. The analysis also reveals changes in the availability and diversity of educational opportunities during the period studied.
creator: Magdalena Łomzik
creator: Beata Podlaska
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Beata Podlaska & Magdalena Łomzik http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
volume: 66
starting page: 84
ending page: 106
doi: 10.14746/cl.2024.66.5

Artificial Intelligence versus candidates: Could AI pass the examination for sworn translators?
type: item
description: Candidates taking the examination for sworn translators in Poland are not permitted to use computers or the internet. Only in the written part may they consult paper dictionaries and encyclopaedias. Artificial intelligence is therefore not an option. If, however, it were allowed, would passing the written examination become trivially easy and take only a few minutes instead of four hours, given that this is roughly the time AI typically needs to translate four texts totalling about 7,000 characters including spaces? This article discusses the results achieved by an AI system when translating one of the texts from the examination for sworn translators of English. The errors it made are compared with those made by human candidates in order to determine the current level of AI translation competence in relation to that of candidates and to assess whether it would have any chance of achieving a pass. The results indicate that the AI translation surpasses that of many candidates in terms of both linguistic and content accuracy, and that this translation would highly likely be approved by the examination board.
creator: Jan Gościński
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jan Gościński http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
volume: 66
starting page: 107
ending page: 129
doi: 10.14746/cl.2024.66.6